Healthcare Managers Use of IT: The Ethical Dilemma Essay

Ethics is the principles and assumptions of right and wrong that individuals use to make choices and informed decisions. These principles guide behaviors by setting out what is deemed right or wrong. There are ethical issues in all aspects of the human endeavor as well as in all subject matters because wherever we find ourselves, we are faced with making choices and decisions that affect other members of the society. Information systems and technology has revolutionized the way we live and change our life styles in totality. For instance, letters by mail used to be the form of communicating to people outside your immediate environment. This used to take days, weeks or months depending on the distance between you and the person before you get a feedback/reply. Now, mobile phones and internet allows for instant communications making life easier and helping businesses. In as much as information systems and technology is improving our lives styles, it also comes with other negative consequences and raises a lot of ethical issues. For instance, new forms of crime are committed using information technology. A whole US government database has been hacked into by hackers who live outside the country; they do this by using networks of information systems. This paper examines the ethical issues that might be faced by managers when inventing or using information technology. Healthcare professionals in the care of developmentally disabled individuals, face ethical dilemmas with the use of clients who receive services at their institutions. ETHICAL DILEMMA Developmentally disabled individuals do not have the full ability to protect their personal information and records of their healthcare. Health professionals in this field have the sole responsibility of gathering this information and using them to the individuals’ advantage. The information includes their names, social security numbers, insurance type and numbers, medical records numbers, home addresses, state ID numbers etc. In this information systems technology world, these personal information can be leaked to people outside the healthcare field to commit various crimes such as filling of income tax returns, credit card fraud, bank transitions etc. The ethical dilemma of either protecting the individuals’ personal information or leaking to third party can be analyzed using the five-step  process. (Kenneth et al 2012) First, identify and describe clearly the facts. In the particular case under review, identifying the describing the facts will involve the health care professional assessing his/role in disclosing or releasing such information. The role can be direct or indirect, direct role will be when the health professional deliberately release the protected information to a third party for some personal benefits at the detriment of the patient whiles indirect is when he/she through errors or negligence the information is leaked. Defining the facts enables the professional be aware of how he can either be directly or indirectly involved in the ethical dilemma. The second step is defining the conflict or dilemma and identifying the higher-order values involved. Here, the healthcare professional is faced with two courses of action; either to sell the information and benefit from it or protect it for the benefit of the clientele. A typical ethical issue involves two opposing courses of action that that support worthwhile values. The values in this context are â€Å"personal benefit’ versus â€Å"protecting the client.† Furthermore, identifying the stakeholders in an ethical dilemma helps in the analysis. When the healthcare professional is faced with this ethical dilemma of personal benefits from individuals’ personal information or protecting them, the stakeholders can be identified as the health professional, the client/individual and the healthcare institution in general. Each stakeholder mentioned has or will be affected by the outcome of the end results. The health care professional can benefit in monetary terms whiles the client’s identity can be stolen. The healthcare institution may face sanctions from state regulations if this activity comes to light and a dent on its reputation. Also, identify the options that can reasonably be taken. This stage is when the options are put forward so that each is looked at carefully. When the health professional protects the information, it will benefit all stakeholders involved. That is the identified reasonable action that can be taken. Finally, the professional should identify the possible consequences of options. It is obvious that when the health professional sell the identity of the clients, it has potential consequence of he/she loosing job when caught. The health institution can also face sanctions and damage to its reputation. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS In conclusion, the ethical dilemma faced by the healthcare professional can be solved and the best course of taken to benefit all the stakeholders involved by following general ethical principles. Some of these principles are; do unto others as you would have them unto you, if action is not right for everyone to take, it is not right for anyone, actions that cannot be taken repeatedly should not be taken at all, take actions that achieves higher value and produce least harm or potential cost etc. The healthcare professional should put himself in the position of the person whose information is about to be leaked and ask him/herself if it’s right for someone to do that to the personal information.

Bureaucracy and self-government Essay

When a government creates policies, regulations, laws and guidelines, it rigorously and astutely applies them through what is called an act and service of public administration. Public administration is then implemented within an organizational structure. The bureaucracy that this structure operates illustrate the various operatives and/or personnel and/or leaders that makes the decision and leads the methodologies, tactics and strategies to implement the said policies, regulations, laws and guidelines. The bureaucracy is likewise responsible in ensuring the efficient and effective ways and means for such act and service. In executing its mandate, public administration must be dynamic. It must have a natural course of evolution and appropriate change and improvements that responds to the multifarious and complex demands of public service; constituent needs and demands and expectations. â€Å"Bureaucracy and Self-Government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is a book that gives enlightenment and on how concepts of public administration renders its appropriate service to the American people. The Book’s Insights Bureaucracy in its principle is the rational and academic structure of the organizational process in rendering service and implementing policies and procedures of any institution – like the government. The positive principle of bureaucracy has however evolved into a negative context in the modern time wherein red tape and other forms of inadequacies. It is because the bureaucracy in rendering public administration operates within two types of concepts. It is therefore very important and interesting that Dr. Cook laid out in his book that public administration in American politics is operated both within the instrumental concept and in the constitutive concept. The instrumental concept believes that the job of bureaucracy in public administration is to execute the instructions of public officials. Within the simplicity of this concept there lies the insufficiency of complete rendering of public service. That is the reason why Dr. Cook has outlined that the past two centuries of America is a struggle to create life and meaning and expectations of the instrumental concept of public administration and service. The constitutive concept believes that the job of bureaucracy in public administration is to shape and characterize public policy and political community. This concept allows formative methods that bring shape and structure to laws and policies of government. Creativity and dynamic insights and foresights of government officials and public administrators are exercised in using this concept. The concluding insight of Dr. Cook in â€Å"Bureaucracy and Self-Government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  outlines principles of responsible public administration. Firstly, with proper responsibility in governing and administering comes along an unlimited ability. A complete and consummate commitment to adherence to the law must be characterized in the proponents of public administration. Government leaders and officials must take the rule of law as their way of life. Secondly, within the rule of law â€Å"an adequate sphere of constitutionally legitimate independence must be carved†. (Cook, 1996, page 177). This principle is coherent with what government administrators have sworn to in fulfilling their duties and responsibilities. It is important that discretion of the law is carried out with integrity. The Book’s Presentation The book is presented in a very scholarly format. He extensive experience of Dr. Brian J. Cook in the study of politics and public administration render authority on the subject matter. The book is seemingly passionate in pursuing ways and means for public administration to still attain its ideals. The book traced well established historical background that served the impetus on how American government administration and management has evolved – thus providing the foundation of the conduct and manner of public administration of modern day. Whatever the course of history and evolution American politics and public administration may have tracked and traced, the book offers confidence and hope that the better of valor shall surface in public administration in America. The Book’s Author Dr. Brian J. Cook is presently a Professor in the Center for Public Administration and Policy in the School of Public and International Affairs of Virginia Tech. He earned his BA degree in Political Science in 1977 from Cleveland State University with magna cum laude honors. His further education in government and politics earned him is masters in 1982 and doctorate in 1984 – both from the University of Maryland. He has taught; lectured and done research on politics and government since 1979. Dr. Cook has been endowed with numerous foundation and university grants and government sponsored research. He has written and published three books: â€Å"Bureaucratic Politics and Regulatory Reform: The EPA and Emissions Trading† (1988); â€Å"Bureaucracy and Self-Government: Reconsidering the Role of Public Administration in American Politics† (1996) and â€Å"Democracy and Administration: Woodrow Wilson’s Ideas and the Challenges of Public Management† (2007). In addition he has written and published numerous book chapters; peer reviewed and non-reviewed articles; book reviews; conference papers and reports covering a very wide array of thoughts, principles and theories in American politics, government, administration policies. (Brian J. Cook Curriculum Vitae, 2008, pages 1-2) Works Cited: Cook, Brian J. Bureaucracy and Self-Government: Reconsidering the Role of Public Administration in American Politics John Hopkins University Press, 1996 Brian J. Cook Curriculum Vitae, September 2008 http://www. cpap. vt. edu/doc/BJC_Curriculum_Vitae_09-08. pdf [accessed 2 June 2009]

Fedex

FedEx Corporation Operating Segments and Companies Basically, FedEx is divided into four segments and 11 operating companies. The segments consist of FedEx Express Segment, FedEx Ground Segment, FedEx Freight Segment, and FedEx Freight Segment. The 4 segments and 11 operating companies are as shown chart below: FedEx Services Segment FedEx Freight Segment FedEx Ground Segment FedEx Express Segment FedEx Services FedEx Freight FedEx Ground FedEx Express FedEx Global Supply Chain ServicesFedEx Customer Information Services FedEx Office Caribbean Transportation Services FedEx Trade Network FedEx SmartPost FedEx Custom Critical SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is the most renowned tool for audit and analysis of the overall strategic position of the business and its environment. Its key purpose is to identify the strategies that will create a firm specific business model that will best align an organization’s resources and capabilities to the requirements of the environment in which the firm operates.The major SWOT considerations in FedEx's attempt to continue its growth and dominance are the following: Strengths * Strong brand name * Superior service performance * Advanced technology innovations * Impressive infrastructure of equipments * Focus on customers satisfaction * Clear leader in domestic express delivery market * Unmatched reputation or on-time delivery * Lots of planes, well-located hubs, great routes/landing rights * Ranked as one of the best companies to work for many years in a row * Great R;amp;D, quite innovative * Extensive capital expenditures * FedEx SWOT Clear leader in domestic express delivery market * Large scale operations| Weaknesses * High prices relative to competitors * Not as strong internationally * Costly innovation technology * Less capable in ground service * Weak and slow returns * Drivers and other workers are trying to unionize * Lag UPS in the ground delivery market * Very exposed to economic conditions and fuel prices| Opportu nities * Untapped market * Economy is beginning to recover, especially in Asia (China specifically) * Increase in demand of logistics * Alliance with USPS * The cost of infrastructure of express delivery companies are a barrier of entry to new comers * FedEx leadership in global express delivery – As long as the nature of our socioeconomic environment exists, there will always be a need for express delivery * E-commerce is creating an increased need for express delivery * Globalization offers opportunities for expansion * Currently offer services to 220+ countries and barring government intervention, can expand in them as it sees fit * Continued globalization of the world marketplace means more contract are available and at higher volumes as well * Expansion of online retailing creates an increased need for on-time, hassle-free shipping * Focus on taking away international market share from DHL and domestic ground delivery from UPS| Threats * Increasing in transportation cost s (fuel charge) * Economic down in US * Substitution (UPS,PosLaju,GDex,DHL) * Online competitive advantage of rivals * Maintaining the infrastructure of an express delivery company is an exit barrier because of high fixed costs * Capitol is acquired through the volume of sales, so the high fixed costs can hurt when times are slow * Due to the nature of the industry, it is nearly impossible to become the clear industry leader * The nature of the industry shows very low returns on invested capitol * The E-tailing industry demands lower shipping rates and charges to pull customers from the retailing industries * Economic downturn has cut down on volume overall * Many consumers and businesses are switching to slower delivery options to save money * UPS is attempting to take away market share in the express delivery arena * E-mail may take away from overnight document delivery market| We have found 20 lists of SWOT under each component; however, there are only important issues that influ enced FedEx growth are picked after analysis the case. 1. Strengths FedEx has a strong brand image which gives it significant strengths among the competitors and the company was named the Fortune's sixth best admired company all over the world.They offer superior overnight delivery performances which are divided into four segments and 11 operating companies, and the segments that offers are FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight and FedEx Service. From performance view, FedEx confirms that roughly 99 percent of its deliveries are delivered to doorstep on time. This gives a significant competitive advantage with differentiating their services with other competitors who do not offer their customers of these services. FedEx has a strong and impressive infrastructure of equipment and processes. Through the first and second agreement with U. S. Postal Service, FedEx able delivery services through air transportation and have option to drop box in every U. S. post office.These agreemen ts have created the Postal Service’s Global Express Guaranteed service which offers date certain international delivery to over 190 countries. Besides that, FedEx also well knows with its great R&D and innovative of delivery service. For instance, FedEx provides the innovation of new residential delivery service which is FedEx ® Home Delivery in key U. S. cities and a pioneer in applying advanced information technology to meet customer needs. In additional, advanced technology has hit their aims to focus on customer satisfactions. FedEx has a huge advantage with regards to reaching untapped places and the acquisitions of major companies have created a more organized and a more able delivery system. 2. WeaknessesThere are few weaknesses in FedEx that hindering it from growing stronger in domestically and internationally. FedEx services are priced using a zone system which means that the distance of package must travel to reach its final destination determines the price i s higher relative to competitors. This significant weakness exists as FedEx is still recovering from the debt of purchasing Flying Tiger Line airfreight service. Besides that, they are less capable in ground service compared to UPS. Other than that, FedEx has involved costly technology innovations. For instance, in order to determine the status of their packages at all possible locations along the delivery route in real time.Customers can track packages in three ways by accessing the FedEx Web site on the Internet and click on the features of FedEx Ship Manager at fedex. com, or FedEx WorldTM Shipping Software. Other than that, Drivers and other workers are trying to unionize under a four year agreement ratified in 2007. This caused FedEx to deal with the bill which they opposed fiercely and bring the bill into law. Indirectly, this incident leads to increase service costs by 30 percent that need to bear by the customers and inconsistency of operating throughout the organization. 3. Opportunities FedEx have a lot of potential in expansion due to the company's fame around the world. The untapped market has given FedEx a great opportunity to penetrate into large global market.Untapped market happened when political changes in foreign market. Next, the cost of infrastructure of express delivery of FedEx is a barrier of entry to new comers. New comers need to bear with a large amount of cost to build their infrastructure such as airfreight for delivery service. Nowadays, E-commerce and online shopping expansion is creating an increased need for express delivery. The expansion leads to the demand of hassle-free and on time delivery to volume up. Economic is recovering especially in Asia is also one of the opportunity for FedEx. Despite the problems in Europe, the Asian economy was growing rapidly and manufactured product exports were accelerating at the same time.This has increased the demand on express delivery and FedEx introduced AsiaOne network which gave effec tiveness and efficiency in delivery. 4. Threats One of the threats that faced by FedEx was increasing transportation cost which involves high fuel charge. The increasing fuel prices are likely to have a direct impact on the company's profit margins by causing a raise in the operating expenses of FedEx. This is an unavoidable threat as FedEx has a high reliance on fuel compared to UPS in express deliveries. There are few competitors in express delivery services domestically and internationally such as UPS, DHL, PosLaju and GDex. This has given customers a substitution choice to substitute FedEx express delivery services. Hence,FedEx has to make a differentiation between the competitors in order to win the market to avoid customers from switching to other delivery option. In year 1992, economic turnover in United State gave affect in the amount of package delivers per day. By end of 1992, FedEx experienced total loss of $133 billion and negative earnings per share of $2. 11. Many cust omers were switching to slow delivery options to save money. Advanced technology of email may take away from overnight document delivery market which also a threat that is beyond FedEx control. The ways that FedEx uses their SWOT analysis in helping them to create a competitive advantage will be explained in the part of Strategies to Put FedEx Ahead of The Game. Fedex Critical Thinking and Project Management Homework #2 use a Dunker Diagram to identify many potential solutions The Dunker diagram technique is used after you have articulated your â€Å"present state† and â€Å"desired state†. It is used to generate many ideas for solutions to a problem. But It works by prompting you to not only consider solutions that achieve the desired state but also solutions that make It â€Å"okay† -with you – to NOT necessarily achieve the desired state.This technique Is a good one to use when you recognize hat it may be impossible to achieve your desired state completely, and therefore, you might have to consider solutions that will make it OKAY – with you – to not achieve the desire state as you have defined it. It forces you to consider solutions that would achieve an acceptable resolution to the conflict or problem. Create a Dunker Diagram to Identify as many solutions as possible to the dilemma described below. Tu rn In your assignment to the dropped on learn by the due date on the syllabus.Scenario: You are the HER manager for a company that has a very large IT department (IT = Information Technology). In the next six months or so, you need to hire about 200 skilled IT workers (computer programmers, network administrators, database designers, web site developers, and help desk managers). You are running ads on job-posting web sites and working with a recruiting firm but you arena getting enough applicants with the required IT skills. There just aren't enough people out there that have IT skills necessary to do many of these jobs.Let's express this dilemma as the current state/desired state: Your current state is you don't have enough employees with strong IT skills. Your desired state is that you do have enough employees with strong IT skills. You decide to use the Dunker Diagramming technique so you can discover as many potential solutions to the problem as possible. Using â€Å"Dunkerâ₠¬  thinking, you realize that there are two paths you could take: (1) Try harder to hire more people with strong IT skills or (2) Make it okay NOT to hire more people with strong IT skills. When thinking of ways to accomplish #2 – make it okay not to have to hire more experienced people – DO NOT suggest that you remain â€Å"under-staffed† because that goes not solve the problem) using the template, apply the Dunker diagram technique to this problem to come up with several possible alternative solutions. (See pages 470-473) for a quick reference on Dunker diagrams Circle # Fill in the blanks Find a way to hire more skilled IT people Instead of putting ads in the paper and waiting on IT workers to come to you, go out and recruit IT. Fedex FedEx Corporation Operating Segments and Companies Basically, FedEx is divided into four segments and 11 operating companies. The segments consist of FedEx Express Segment, FedEx Ground Segment, FedEx Freight Segment, and FedEx Freight Segment. The 4 segments and 11 operating companies are as shown chart below: FedEx Services Segment FedEx Freight Segment FedEx Ground Segment FedEx Express Segment FedEx Services FedEx Freight FedEx Ground FedEx Express FedEx Global Supply Chain ServicesFedEx Customer Information Services FedEx Office Caribbean Transportation Services FedEx Trade Network FedEx SmartPost FedEx Custom Critical SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is the most renowned tool for audit and analysis of the overall strategic position of the business and its environment. Its key purpose is to identify the strategies that will create a firm specific business model that will best align an organization’s resources and capabilities to the requirements of the environment in which the firm operates.The major SWOT considerations in FedEx's attempt to continue its growth and dominance are the following: Strengths * Strong brand name * Superior service performance * Advanced technology innovations * Impressive infrastructure of equipments * Focus on customers satisfaction * Clear leader in domestic express delivery market * Unmatched reputation or on-time delivery * Lots of planes, well-located hubs, great routes/landing rights * Ranked as one of the best companies to work for many years in a row * Great R;amp;D, quite innovative * Extensive capital expenditures * FedEx SWOT Clear leader in domestic express delivery market * Large scale operations| Weaknesses * High prices relative to competitors * Not as strong internationally * Costly innovation technology * Less capable in ground service * Weak and slow returns * Drivers and other workers are trying to unionize * Lag UPS in the ground delivery market * Very exposed to economic conditions and fuel prices| Opportu nities * Untapped market * Economy is beginning to recover, especially in Asia (China specifically) * Increase in demand of logistics * Alliance with USPS * The cost of infrastructure of express delivery companies are a barrier of entry to new comers * FedEx leadership in global express delivery – As long as the nature of our socioeconomic environment exists, there will always be a need for express delivery * E-commerce is creating an increased need for express delivery * Globalization offers opportunities for expansion * Currently offer services to 220+ countries and barring government intervention, can expand in them as it sees fit * Continued globalization of the world marketplace means more contract are available and at higher volumes as well * Expansion of online retailing creates an increased need for on-time, hassle-free shipping * Focus on taking away international market share from DHL and domestic ground delivery from UPS| Threats * Increasing in transportation cost s (fuel charge) * Economic down in US * Substitution (UPS,PosLaju,GDex,DHL) * Online competitive advantage of rivals * Maintaining the infrastructure of an express delivery company is an exit barrier because of high fixed costs * Capitol is acquired through the volume of sales, so the high fixed costs can hurt when times are slow * Due to the nature of the industry, it is nearly impossible to become the clear industry leader * The nature of the industry shows very low returns on invested capitol * The E-tailing industry demands lower shipping rates and charges to pull customers from the retailing industries * Economic downturn has cut down on volume overall * Many consumers and businesses are switching to slower delivery options to save money * UPS is attempting to take away market share in the express delivery arena * E-mail may take away from overnight document delivery market| We have found 20 lists of SWOT under each component; however, there are only important issues that influ enced FedEx growth are picked after analysis the case. 1. Strengths FedEx has a strong brand image which gives it significant strengths among the competitors and the company was named the Fortune's sixth best admired company all over the world.They offer superior overnight delivery performances which are divided into four segments and 11 operating companies, and the segments that offers are FedEx Express, FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight and FedEx Service. From performance view, FedEx confirms that roughly 99 percent of its deliveries are delivered to doorstep on time. This gives a significant competitive advantage with differentiating their services with other competitors who do not offer their customers of these services. FedEx has a strong and impressive infrastructure of equipment and processes. Through the first and second agreement with U. S. Postal Service, FedEx able delivery services through air transportation and have option to drop box in every U. S. post office.These agreemen ts have created the Postal Service’s Global Express Guaranteed service which offers date certain international delivery to over 190 countries. Besides that, FedEx also well knows with its great R&D and innovative of delivery service. For instance, FedEx provides the innovation of new residential delivery service which is FedEx ® Home Delivery in key U. S. cities and a pioneer in applying advanced information technology to meet customer needs. In additional, advanced technology has hit their aims to focus on customer satisfactions. FedEx has a huge advantage with regards to reaching untapped places and the acquisitions of major companies have created a more organized and a more able delivery system. 2. WeaknessesThere are few weaknesses in FedEx that hindering it from growing stronger in domestically and internationally. FedEx services are priced using a zone system which means that the distance of package must travel to reach its final destination determines the price i s higher relative to competitors. This significant weakness exists as FedEx is still recovering from the debt of purchasing Flying Tiger Line airfreight service. Besides that, they are less capable in ground service compared to UPS. Other than that, FedEx has involved costly technology innovations. For instance, in order to determine the status of their packages at all possible locations along the delivery route in real time.Customers can track packages in three ways by accessing the FedEx Web site on the Internet and click on the features of FedEx Ship Manager at fedex. com, or FedEx WorldTM Shipping Software. Other than that, Drivers and other workers are trying to unionize under a four year agreement ratified in 2007. This caused FedEx to deal with the bill which they opposed fiercely and bring the bill into law. Indirectly, this incident leads to increase service costs by 30 percent that need to bear by the customers and inconsistency of operating throughout the organization. 3. Opportunities FedEx have a lot of potential in expansion due to the company's fame around the world. The untapped market has given FedEx a great opportunity to penetrate into large global market.Untapped market happened when political changes in foreign market. Next, the cost of infrastructure of express delivery of FedEx is a barrier of entry to new comers. New comers need to bear with a large amount of cost to build their infrastructure such as airfreight for delivery service. Nowadays, E-commerce and online shopping expansion is creating an increased need for express delivery. The expansion leads to the demand of hassle-free and on time delivery to volume up. Economic is recovering especially in Asia is also one of the opportunity for FedEx. Despite the problems in Europe, the Asian economy was growing rapidly and manufactured product exports were accelerating at the same time.This has increased the demand on express delivery and FedEx introduced AsiaOne network which gave effec tiveness and efficiency in delivery. 4. Threats One of the threats that faced by FedEx was increasing transportation cost which involves high fuel charge. The increasing fuel prices are likely to have a direct impact on the company's profit margins by causing a raise in the operating expenses of FedEx. This is an unavoidable threat as FedEx has a high reliance on fuel compared to UPS in express deliveries. There are few competitors in express delivery services domestically and internationally such as UPS, DHL, PosLaju and GDex. This has given customers a substitution choice to substitute FedEx express delivery services. Hence,FedEx has to make a differentiation between the competitors in order to win the market to avoid customers from switching to other delivery option. In year 1992, economic turnover in United State gave affect in the amount of package delivers per day. By end of 1992, FedEx experienced total loss of $133 billion and negative earnings per share of $2. 11. Many cust omers were switching to slow delivery options to save money. Advanced technology of email may take away from overnight document delivery market which also a threat that is beyond FedEx control. The ways that FedEx uses their SWOT analysis in helping them to create a competitive advantage will be explained in the part of Strategies to Put FedEx Ahead of The Game.

Articles of business ethics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Articles of business ethics - Term Paper Example rogram must incorporate, to wit: (1) a comprehensive statement of both mission and values, as well as a code of conduct that all personnel must understand and be fully aware of; (2) communication vehicles that focus on ethical practice to be monitored and updated regularly; and (3) regular training programs that provide case studies, updated ethical scenarios, and define appropriate business behavior in various business transactions. As emphasized, a one-time training program that focuses on ethics training is not sufficient; yet, a regularly updated and implemented ethics training must be undertaken to ensure conformity to the standards posed in business endeavors. The article proffered issues pertinent to the apparent decline in standards of morality by accepting payments from organizations supposedly in exchange of unethical activities. The author initially cited rampant examples of scenarios where payments have been made in exchange of placing a tattoo of the Web site of the donating organization on the forehead of a Utah woman or commitments to undertake long-term contraception (Kristof, 2012). Concurrently, the author cited a book written by a Harvard political theorist, Michael Sandel, entitled â€Å"What Money Can’t Buy†, arguing that â€Å"in recent years we have been slipping without much reflection into relying upon markets in ways that undermine the fairness of our society† (Kristof, 2012, par. 3). Kristof expounded on presenting other scenarios that depict people accepting payments for favors that run counter to ethical and moral standards. Article 3: Stevenson, B. (2012, May 13). â€Å"THE ETHICIST; Office Detectives.† Retrieved June 15, 2012, from The New York Times: http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E2D8143AF930A25756C0A9649D8B63&ref=ethics The article’s main message focuses on addressing different ethical concerns from three different senders. The first scenario required suggesting that companies must employ people who could

Law Of Banking And Financial Institutions Benchmark Assignment

Law Of Banking And Financial Institutions Benchmark - Assignment Example When dealing with people and capital, conditions are always at stake. These conditions and the possible conflicts warrant legislation and regulations. Banking and the financial institutions, in general, are intensely regulated by the law. The legislation that has been set aside focus on regulating relationships between the financial institutions and its clients, the institutional securities, transaction and also regulate the tax compliance of the institutions. The need for legal help in banking is a common observation in the financial world. One section of banking that requires strict regulation is private banking. This is the part that involves personalized financial depositing of capital into a financial institution by an individual who has access to high income and therefore has no problem investing in the financial institution in large sizable assets (OConnor & Faille, 2000). The services are, therefore, offered in more personalized terms. In this case, the possibility of entering into a contract without full information is real. In addition, there is a danger of being shortchanged in the process. The legislation, therefore, co mes in to secure the instability of private banking. The risk with private banking including money laundering and litigation must be controlled by the government through the Office of Comptroller of Currencies (Schooner & Taylor, 2010). 2. The instability in the US banking sector in the early years was based on two issues. First, there was a level of inexperience that covered the banking industry. The lack of experience in identifying risks and responding to them led to the ultimate vulnerability. This failure was seen as many of the banks, especially those that were started just before the great recession in the 1930s failed to survive the crisis.

Compensation and Benefits in regards to legislation Essay

Compensation and Benefits in regards to legislation - Essay Example Compensation and benefits basically are employees’ protection, but most of the workers experience deprivation. However, the government aims the development of labor group and several orders---which were conferred on this work---were enacted to achieve this. Racial discrimination is a major social issue that has a significant effect on a person’s life, especially the lives of the ones being discriminated. Even at the immediate moment, when it is said that discrimination has diminished, it is still evident in several workplaces. It is one reason why certain positions are filled only by American (White Race), and the Blacks, as well as the other races still don’t get as much opportunity. Executive Order 11246 and other labor laws were enacted to put a stop to this. Another factor that affects the labor group is gender discrimination. Most companies opt to hire men over women for the reason that women are entitled to maternity leaves. True, this may have a negative effect on companies especially with jobs that can’t wait or the ones that require daily transmission or submission of documents. Maternity leave is a paid absence, hence, the company is ordered to pay for an employer who is not even working. Choosing to hire men over women may seem practical, but it is obviously a form of discrimination and is definitely unjust for women; legislations were enacted to minimize cases of gender discrimination and other instances of unfairness: enforcement of Parts II and III of this Order. The Secretary shall adopt such rules and regulations and issue such orders as are deemed necessary and appropriate to achieve the purposes of Parts II and III of this Order. Sec. 202. Except in contracts exempted in accordance with Section 204 of this Order, all Government contracting agencies shall include in every Government contract hereafter entered into the following provisions: employment because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The

Important of academic skills for tourism students Essay

Important of academic skills for tourism students - Essay Example The main academic skills that help tourism students to get employed and advance in their careers faster include managerial, communication, language, customer service, business, and socialization (Page, & Connell, 2010). This paper will analyze the usefulness of these academic skills in shaping the future career of tourism students. Tourism students must have efficient communication skills for them to be employed in the sector. This is because communication is the main instrument that unites the supply and demand sides in the sector (Bobanovic, & Grzinic, 2011). This is because the supply and demand sides are made up of individuals who must interact successfully for them to achieve equilibrium. However, since the supply side is the one that provides services to the demand side, it means that suppliers in this industry need to be able to communicate with any individual who demands their services. The main factors involved in communication in the industry include language, correct pronunciation of words, and courtesy when speaking to the client (O’Shannessy, Minett, & Hyde, 2002). Since individuals may not be able to acquire these skills without training, it means they have to study them in school where there are tutors who teach them how to pronounce words correctly and be courteous. A major element that is involved in communication is language because it is the main uniting factor between suppliers and their clients. Tourism students need to study English language because it is the most common international language in the twenty first century (Bobanovic, & Grzinic, 2011). Numerous countries in the world have chosen to make English a national language because it helps them to interact with other English-speaking nations. Therefore, since tourism is the main way in which the countries interact, the service providers who are previously students should study the language while in school. This is because studying the

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Economics - Essay Example Some of the other factors as determinants of demand have been introduced in the theory of demand recently. The traditional theory of demand starts with the examination of the behaviour of the consumer since the market demand is assumed to be the summation of the demands of the individual consumers. Thus, the demand for a given commodity is the horizontal summation of the demands of the individual consumers. In other words the quantity demanded in the market at each price is the sum of the individual demands of all consumers at that price. The responsiveness of the demand in relation to the price or income of the consumer is referred as the elasticity of demand. There are as many elasticities of demand as its determinants. The most important of these elasticities are (a) the price Elasticity, (b) the income elasticity, and (c) the cross elasticity. The concept of elasticity of demand is important in that it s being used by the economists to explain the consumer behaviour in different market conditions. With this background this paper illustrates the importance of different kinds of elasticities of demand and the ways in which they are helpful to the economists to report on the consumer behaivour... The laws of demand and supply are an important part of in the study of economics. They help the economists to measure the relative changes in the demand due to changes in prices with the concept of elasticity of demand. (Pink Monkey) The price elasticity is a measure of the responsiveness of demand to changes in the commodity’s own price. Depending on the magnitude of the changes in demand it can be termed as either point elasticity or arc elasticity of demand. If the changes in the prices are very small, the point elasticity of demand is used as the measure of responsiveness of demand. If the changes in the prices are large then arc elasticity of demand is used as the relevant measure of responsiveness. The laws of demand and supply form the basic

Qualitative and Quantitative Considerations in Examination of War Essay

Qualitative and Quantitative Considerations in Examination of War - Essay Example According to Clausewitz war is the continuation of politics by other means. War is the mobilization of national power to achieve political objectives, which have been translated into strategic military objectives, by mixing the material factors of economic capacity, technological capacity, transportation, etc., and immaterial factors like national will, will of the ruler and resilience ( Note: Considerations for the Study of War 2010). The military strategic policy of the state will explain how the task is to be accomplished. Every state will go to war with a strategic policy which may be written or may be an ambition of the ruler. So, the aim of war is the most important qualitative consideration. The aim of war can also be limited or unlimited. War has a dual nature, according to Clausewitz. One is the objective reality and the other is the subjective reality. The objective nature of war refers to the common things in war, i.e. violence, fear, danger, fortune, etc.

Health care premium tax credits Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health care premium tax credits - Research Paper Example It is a refundable tax credit and the refund is fully paid regardless of the income tax which is owed by the recipient (IRS â€Å"Individuals†). This HCTC benefits many displaced workers and those aged 55 years and older under pension benefit. It is meant to ensure that people can still access health care services despite their financial difficulties and economic status (IRS â€Å"Individuals†). The primary Act which has made the HCTC possible is the Trade Adjustment Act of 2002. This act basically created the HCTC and ensured that certain individuals who receive PBGC are qualified for credits (DSRA, p. 1). The act made it possible for 65% of health care insurance to be covered by the federal government. Through this act, the HCTC has been implemented since December 2002; and it has also been available for all of 2003 and the years following (DSRA, p. 1). The American Relief and Recovery Act of 2009 (ARRA) extends the coverage of the Trade Adjustment Act of 2002. It is the act which provides about $30 billion for health investments with most of the investments made available to hospitals and physicians who use Electronic Health Records (EHR) (Cisco, p. 1). Those with EHR are qualified to receive incentives from the Medicare and Medicaid starting on 2011; the act includes a $2 billion grant from the Department of Health and Human Services and also grants for telemedicine pro jects (Cisco, p. 1). As part of the ARRA, the Trade Adjustment Assistance Health Coverage Improvement Act of 2009 was passed and this expanded the eligibility of qualified family members beyond the enrollees’ death or divorce for up to 24 months; also, those who are eligible but live in US territories can participate in the monthly HCTC (IRS â€Å"Individuals†). The HCTC is included as a health policy because the Congress recognized that for people who lose their health coverage, the experience can

Individual Behavior in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual Behavior in Organizations - Essay Example In psychology, there are various approaches in understanding personality. These include trait approach, learning approach, biological and evolutionary approach and humanistic approach. Based on these approaches, leaders could be either born or made. From the trait approach, psychologists believe each person possesses certain trait to a given degree (Feldman 335). This means everyone has certain form of personality, but there is only variation of certain degree an individual possesses it. According to the learning approach, personality could be learned responses to the external environment (Feldman 338). In other words, personality could be learned. On the other hand, the biological and evolutionary approach is under the assumption that important components of personality are inherited, showing the importance of genetic factors in personality (Feldman 340). Under the humanistic approach, people are at the basic level good and continue to develop to higher level of functioning (Feldman 343). Each of these theories has strong remarkable point, but also some weak points that could be addressed by other theories. This explains the level of complexity found in understanding personality. Thus, in this manner, it has also been complex to understand whether leaders are born or made. Zaleznik believes organizations can develop leaders (81). For him, peer relationship exists and has important impacts on employee’s personality development. At Apple Inc., Steve Jobs created a culture of developing personality of its employees. There is a strong point of personality development as Jobs wanted to develop human resource that would be leading the innovation. As a result, Apple created a strong innovative culture. This clearly shows that personality could be influenced by the environment and those who already have strong degree of some certain personality tend to be developed or underdeveloped depending on the environmental influence. This could

Jessica Swindle Essay Example for Free

Jessica Swindle Essay In this time and age, a lot of people are struggling for their lives. We can never deny the fact how tough it is to deal with the circumstances that come along our way and it is imperative for us to weigh our capabilities in order to make our best and live our lives to the best of our abilities. As Merwin epitomized his thoughts on his â€Å"Eskimo Poem†, he freely exemplify the perception of what it entails to live in this world and at the same time possess the grip to what is in store for you in the future. At the beginning of the poem, the tender emotion shoot in as one wonders what life could bring each and every single of his life. But along the way, to some extent there is bit scepticism as the challenges hinders the happiness of a person. â€Å"But I am leaving the shore in my skin boat, it came to me that I was in danger and now the small troubles look big† (Mervin), during the moments that we feel we are alone with our predicament and that we can no longer bear the confrontation of life we tend to look for another way wherein we can build our lives again. Indeed, as the poem utters â€Å"and the ache that comes from the things I have to do every day big† (Merwin), it only means one thing, and that is to find alternative measures to make our lives better. In this regard, it was thoroughly elucidated how trials expands and it is only our hope that can uplift our spirit. â€Å"But only one thing is great only one, this in the hut by the path to see the day coming out of its mother and the light filling the world† (Merwin), positively, at the end of the day there is always a light that will shed our fears and will shelter our minds and hearts. Like the poem, we should find contentment with our lives even if it will take to some place and to different level of maturity. Acceptance of dare could be a proliferating factor in order for us to be great in the paths that we are taking.

Importance Of Organisational Behaviour Business Essay

Importance Of Organisational Behaviour Business Essay Introduction In the current context there are more competitive for the business. Many companies are producing same items to the market with different trademark. They are running their business with a vision. For successful vision achievement they have to achieve their goals. So they are in a position to run their organization better than their competitors. So for the successful organisational environment, they have to satisfy their employees. In the present context, when you are working in the organisation, you may think is this the right organisation for you? In my point the many answers will be No. The main reason for this answer Managers have lack of knowledge about how to manage organisational behaviour. Due to this less knowledge, managers straggling to handle employees problems in a proper way and they are not guiding the employees in a line to achieving organisations goal. Because of this many qualified employees are trying to find a job in other organization where having a high-quality management. If qualified employees leave the organisation, organisations goal achievement result will be negative. So the managers should have jam-packed knowledge about organisational behaviour. In this point you will think what is organisational behaviour? There are many definitions for this but simply can say, for a act getting different responds from different people and the way of reaction between two people in the office situation. So good manager will observe this and he could identify that who is proficient and who wants to get more knowledge. If the employee satisfied with his job, they will be more productive and their respond also will be satisfied. For example, if manager employed who is a young, shy and softly spoken girl, manager cannot put her in the role of marketing. Instead, manager can place her in a low stress position that would suit her nature. So the organisational behaviour is not just about keeping employees happy. It is about placing staff in a position that suits their personality and experience as well as helping employees to nurture in a way that they become more of an asset to the business. Literature revive Organisational behaviour is an inevitable process in the organisations. The organisations goals are achieving by their managers, so they should run the organisation effectively. Here we are analysing some important organisational behaviours which knowledge helps to managers. In the organisational environment, all behaviours are interconnected. Manager has to identify the employees behaviour and he has to make the link with other behaviours to effectively run the organisation. For an example if a person who is working efficiently in the marketing field with an extraversion personality, we need to motivate him as well as we have to make a job satisfaction for him. So here personality, motivation and job satisfaction behaviours are interconnected. Here I am analysing some important organisational behaviour about what is behaviour? How these behaviours will help to the managers for decision making? What are the theories has to consider when decision making? Etc. So this will helps to the managers who are having lack of knowledge about organisational behaviour. Organisational Behaviour importance of todays context Personality What is personality? Until now there is no any agreement on the exact meaning of personality. But there are many ways to describe the personality (i.e strong, weak or polite). My description about personality is The kind of ability which people having. All people they are not having equal mentality, person to person it will differ. So when manager while working with them, he/she can identify their personality and he/she can categorize them with Big Five personality traits. If manager assign a job to a person in inside the office who is having more extraversion, his all talents are shrinking inside the office and he/she wont get effective result from him. But if manager assign him as a marketing person, he/she will get more effective and efficient result from him. 3.2 Motivation Motivation is the process to encourage the employee to work effectively to achieve the organisational goal. Manager has to identify the system to motivate his/her employees. Without an appropriate technique manager cannot satisfy each and every employee. So initially manager has to identify the needs and based on that needs he/she can motivate the employee by provide incentives. There are many theories from many researchers to identify the needs. But Maslows hierarchy of need theory and Herzbergs two factor theories are mostly consider by decision makers. Motivational system can be identified by categorize the employees needs under these theories. For an example if an employee has a need for job security, manager can motivate him by giving long term contract, job related training programme etc. 3.3 Job Satisfaction What is job satisfaction? How manager can satisfy the employee? Simply can say that getting positive result from the one employees job appraisal or job experience, job satisfaction is one of the important attitude. In the job satisfaction many internal factors will influence like the work itself, Payment, Promotion opportunities, Supervision and Co-workers, but in the meanwhile some external factors also influencing. For an example one person is working in the developed area with all internal external facilities. But suddenly management has transferred him to the remote area with same job, where is no external facilities like his previous worked area (travelling facilities, good food etc). When they observed his performance after transfer, it was lesser than previous. So manager has to take action to enhance satisfaction for an example Make jobs more fun, have fair pay, design jobs to make them satisfying and providing office transportation or allowance. Leadership As we discussed earlier, the different personalities are working in organization. There should have monitoring and controlling between staff, so they need a proper leadership. How manager can find correct leadership? What kind of characteristics he/she should have? This type of questions will arise before assign the leader. There are many definitions for leadership. According to Useem, leadership is a matter of making a difference. It entails changing an organisation and making active choices among plausible alternatives, and depends on the development of others and mobilising them to get the job done. Manager can ask a question why managers cant be a leader? As per Watsons 7-S organizational framework he suggests that whereas managers tend towards reliance on strategy, structure, and systems, leaders have an inherent inclination for utilisation of the soft Ss of style, staff, skills, and shared goals. Also manager can see the different characteristic between Manager and Leader as fo llows. Manager Leader Administers Innovates A copy An original Maintains Develops Focus on systems and structure Focuses on people Relies on control Inspires trust Short-range view Long-range perspective Asks how and when Asks what and why Eye on the bottom line Eye on the horizon Imitates Originates Accepts the status quo Challenges the status quo Classic good soldier Own person Does things right Does the right things When manager intend to recruit or position a leader, he/she should identify above characteristic from that employee. Leadership style There are different styles are following by leaders among their group. Autocratic This style is dominating the staff by his decision. Democratic This style is making decision among consult with others. Laissez-Faire This style is following the systems as it is. It will helps to the managers to identify the correct leader style to the appropriate group. Group Behaviour Group behaviour is two or more individuals, interrelating and co-dependent, who have come together to achieve particular goals. Group behaviour starts from the beginnings that contribute to the groups efficiencies. So manager should know why group behaviour is important? How groups are working? How to develop the groups? What are the characteristics groups should have? While working in the group, employee can reduce the insecurity of standing alone, recognition and status will be provided by others to the group members, possibilities are in the group for achievement which could not achieve as an individual, goal achievement period will be less. Group development Forming : characterized by uncertainly. Storming : characterized by intergroup Norming : characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness Performing : when is fully functional Adjourning : This presents the end of the group, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance. Based on above structure if manager form the group, the behaviour of the group will be efficacy for organisations goal achievement. Training Development Manager is the responsible person to get more work from employees. From the above examples he/she can come across that someone capable someone incapable to handle specific job. So manager has to make everyone as capable workers. What is training programme? How can do this? What are the better ways to conducting training programmes to staff? This type of questions will arise from manager. There are many definitions for training. Steinmez said Training is a short-term process utilizing a systematic and organized procedure by which non-managerial personnel learn technical knowledge and skill and David de Cenzo and S.P. Robbins said Training involves changing of skills, knowledge, attitude or social behaviour (Nirmal Singh, HRM, p404). Before go for a training, manager has to identify the lacking part of employee. There are certain steps to discover the training needs Analysing Jobs and Men: if the men are less capable to perform the particular jobs they can be given training to increase their skills. Collecting Employees and Managerial Opinions: The training section may either by interviews or questionnaires obtain views of different people regarding necessary and desirable training programmes. Anticipating Requirements of Different Jobs: As a manager, you can forecast earlier the manpower requirement on the basis of long-term plans such as business expansion, new technology etc. Training may be given to the existing employees to enable them to meet the requirements of new jobs in the future. Once manager identify the needs, he/she has to plan the training methods. The training programmes should conducted by well trained trainers. Development is the process of transition of an employee from a lower level of ability, skill and knowledge to that of higher level. This transition is influenced by education, training, work experience and environment. Developments are mostly considered for the managerial level staff. Change Management In every organisation change is inevitable and unavoidable. The organisation which fails to change is sure to fail, because change is required to maintain stability to some extent in the functioning of organisation. The managers always keen on these changes. There are two main forces will involve in changes. Internal forces: These forces may either be derived from the change in external environment or may be because of management induced forces. Internal forces mainly include the following: Top management and its philosophy and corporate policy. Retirement, promotion, resignation and transfer of key functionaries of the organisation. Change is the perception, attitude, feelings, beliefs and expectations of the employees working in the organisation. Change is internal environment of the organisation. External forces: These forces include all factors of external environment which directly or indirectly affect the functioning of an organisation. Some of them are as under. Socio Culture: Education, population dynamics, rate of urbanisation, social traditions and customs will force the organisation for changes. Economic: It will includes the demand, competition, price mechanism, buying capacity, distribution of income, cost and quality and availability of various resources. Political and Legal: In the political level major opposition party, political stability, morality and values will force the organisation. Technology: In the technology level new techniques of production, innovation of new process etc. Will force the organisation. Work environment: in this environment customer loyalty, supplier regularity, community attitude and recognition of society will force the organisation Once manager identified the factors for changes, he/she should plan to make changes. There are few steps to be followed to make changes. Step 1 Preparing for change  (Preparation, assessment and strategy development) Step 2 Managing change  (Detailed planning and change management implementation) Reinforcing change Collect and analyze feedback Diagnose gaps and manage resistance Implement corrective actions and celebrate successes Preparing for change Identify change management Strategy Arrange change management Team Develop sponsorship model Managing change Develop change management plan Implement plansStep 3 Reinforcing change  (Data gathering, corrective action and recognition) Conclusion. Above organisational behaviour analysis exposed that how organisational behaviours knowledge is very important to manage the organisation. Each and every behaviours are important because they are inter-connected with each one. If group behaviours are not satisfied, they can go for a training programme. As well as if Leadership style changed, we can identify the lacking part for change and based on that can be motivated or making job satisfaction. Like this all behaviours are linked with other. So when organisation is planned to place a manager, they need to test their behaviour knowledge. So I hope that above my analysis will help to the managers, who are having poor knowledge about organisational behaviour. 5. References http://www.flatworldknowledge.com/node/34687#web-34687 http://www.pateo.com/article6.html http://cgda.nic.in/rt/rtcblr/website/Training%20Material/H%20R%20D/Motivation.htm http://www.coaching-for-new-women-managers.com/job-satisfaction.html Group Behaviour Model  (PIC) http://www.management-hub.com/change-management.html http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-change-process-detailed.htm http://www.ehow.com/how_2076444_identify-employee-training-needs.html#ixzz1BXP7leoM

The Analysis Of Translation Errors

The Analysis Of Translation Errors Translation is one of the means that people use to other languages betterbecause there are a lot of languages spoken in this world. Since there are so many cultures and ideas shared in this world, Indonesians need to learn other languages and one of them is English. In order to be able to exchange ideas with people in other countries, Indonesians need to be proficient in spoken and written English. However the majority of Indonesian people do not speak English. That is why they have to learn English from the basic. For themtranslation is a necessary skill. One of the problems in translation is that sometimes a translator cannot transfer messages well (CITATION HERE). But because Indonesians lack of translation skills, the writer found that some works of translation do not have the same message as the original writer wants to tell to the target language. Translating a sentence can be challenging,. It should tell the context that the original language wants to tell and it must be of the same meaning. According to Nida, translation is the reproduction in a target language of the closest natural equivalent of the source language message (Nida, 1982, 208). If translators cannot translate the messages accurately, the readers will have difficulty in understanding the messages. To understanding the messages accurately, the translation skill must be taught and mastered. According to Gabrielatos (1998), translation has a long history in English Language Teaching. Many teachers use translation techniques to deliver their teaching materials. Translation is most frequently used as a convenient shortcut when teaching vocabulary, by providing equivalents in the learners mother tongues. The other reason is that a lot of written media, such as books, modules, novels, magazines are translated into English language. Translation skill is a basic skill in English. In order to understand English texts well, a person needs to be able to translate or even master the translation skill. Translation skill is also important for someone who works with TV or movie production. Translation work focuses in the area of education, particularly in higher education. In the Faculty of Letters, students learn the translation skills; they have to take translation class. The Faculty of Letters offers two levels of translation class. In the basic translation class, students learn how to translate English readings or paragraphs to Indonesian. In the more advanced class, students learn to translate Indonesian paragraphs or articles into English Unfortunately, many students cannot master the translation skill well. Due to such problems, the writer is concerned that the work of translation would be seen by the other English learners. They still have to learn that the essence of translation is to translate the sentence thoroughly, not by a word. By seeing the result of translation above, the students still face an ambiguity of Indonesian word, phrase, and sentence. In this study, the writer wants to investigate whether student translations are accurate or not and to find out the most common errors in their translation. FIELD OF THE STUDY This study is in the field of Linguistics SCOPE OF THE STUDY In doing his research, the writer intends to examine the error analysis in translation. He is interested in analyzing the grammatical errors in students translations. However, spelling errors which do not affect the content and the grammar of the text are ignored. PROBLEM FORMULATION In this study, the research problem is content and grammatical errors in translation. This study will address the following research questions: What translation error occurs in the students translation? What type of content and grammatical errors occur in the translation? What is the most dominant errors in translation? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study are as follows: To investigate the kind of translation errors in students translation. To find type of content and grammatical errors occur in the translation. To compare the dominant translation error, whether grammatical or content errors occur in translation. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The writer hopes that this analysis can contribute to the discussion of content and grammatical errors in translation. The result of this study will hopefully help English learners to improve their translation skill. If they are aware of the most common mistakes in translation, they will be able to avoid such errors. In addition, this study will provide suggestions and recommendations that learners and teachers can implement. DEFINITION OF TERMS a. Translation error : can not deliver the meaning correctly b. Content error : failed to share ideas from the original text c. Grammatical error : going out from the rule of a grammar in context CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Translation Scholars define translation in different ways. Some define the term translation on the basis of the essence and the process of translation. According to Catford, the meaning of translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent material in another language (Catford, 1965). In Catfords definition, the purpose of translation study is to convey an intended meaning of a material in the source Language (SL) into target Language (TL). So, the meaning in SL has to be equivalent with that in TL. Savory (1968) suggests that Translation is made possibly by an equivalent of thought that lies behind it different verbal expression. This means that the essence of translation lies on the equivalent thought. It means that the main ideas in the source language are the same as those in the target language. Nida and Taber define the meaning of translation by focusing it on the process of translation. They state that Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (1982). Their definition is the complete one. They state that in the TL, the meaning and the style (structure or grammar) must be as natural as possible, so the result of the translation does not look like a translation work. In those definitions, there are three similar ideas. Firstly, there is a process of transferring from one language into another language. The second one is that the meaning has to be retained. The last, the translator must carry the closest equivalent idea in the target language. 2.2 Common Problems in Translation Newmark (1988) and Barnet Stubbs (1980) classify the errors found in translation into the following: Different sense In this category the translation is totally different from the original text in terms of linguistic sense of meaning, be it in the word or sentence level. In this category, the translation is a misstatement of fact. (Newmark, 1988) Less precise or less accurate There is nothing perfect on the works of translation but it must cover the words into an original meaning of a sentence in whole. That is why this category is related to the precision or accuracy of the original text meaning. Misuse of phrases To translate the phrase to an exact word must be selected into several categories, whether the order of a word is accurate or not. In this category, the translation misuse of phrases such as more and more for increasingly, above all for particularly ; job for work; got well for recovered and excessively familiar phrasal verbs (get out of, get rid of) (Newmark,1988). Misuse of formal or official register The translation errors are in the degree of formality, generality, and emotional tone of a text. For instance, decease for death (Barnett Stubbs, 1980) Less coherent The result of the translation does not fit in standard phrases and forms. For example in a narrative, it has formulaic opening (Once upon a time) and a formulaic close (they all lived happily ever after). Less cohesive In this category, the translation error is related to the relation between sentences. The most common forms these take care connectives denoting addition (however, on the contrary), result (therefore, consequently), and other connectives. (Barnett Stubbs, 1980) Added Sometimes, the translation adds additional information which does not exist in the original text. (Barnett Stubbs, 1980) 8. Left out In this category, the translation misses the ideas of the original texts. (Barnett Stubbs, 1980) 2.3 Grammatical Errors Richard (1971) suggests that ultralingual errors are those which reflect the general characteristics of rule learning, such as faulty generalizations, in complete application of rules, and failure to learn conditions under rules apply. This can happen when the subject is going out from the rule of a grammar in context. According to Richards, translation errors can be categorized as follows: Errors in the Production of Verbs Groups In this case, the translation errors are related to the production of verb such as gerunds, infinitives, participles (present/ past), errors in the use of verbs forms after modals, and the production of agreements of verbs with subject. The examples are as follows Errors in the production of tense forms He is speaks French. He did not asks me. Errors in the production of verb forms I enjoy to work. Did you go to shopping? Errors in the use of verb forms after modals She cannot goes. We must worked hard. Errors in the production of agreements of verbs with subjects She go to school everyday. They walks to the market. 2.3.2 Errors in the Distribution of Verb Groups Errors in the distribution of verb groups are classified into the inversion of verb and subject in direct or reported statements, the misuse of present or past participles, and the misuse of subject or objects. The examples are as follows: Errors in the inversion of verb and subject in direct or reported statements: He said that had he worked hard. She asked me whether was she hungry. The misuse of present or past participles The country was discovering by Colombus. I am interested in that. The misuse of subjects or objects Kate is my friend. He is a teacher. Eric is a doctor. I want to marry her. 2.3.3 Miscellaneous Errors Miscellaneous errors are classified into errors in the use of pronouns, errors in the adverbs, errors in the use of adjectives, errors in the use of too or so, errors in the position of words, errors in the use of plural, and errors in the use of conjunctions. The examples are as follows: Errors in the use of pronouns Ann met I at the museum. She walked between Eni and he. Errors in the use of adverbs She sings beautiful. He ran fastly. Errors in the use of adjectives I met a kindly man. She is a beautifully woman. Errors in the use of too or so I am so lazy to stay at home. I am too tired that I cannot work Errors in the position of words She swims often in Tretes. He really is a good architect. Errors in the use of plural Tina bought a watches. There are two dog in his house. Errors in the use of conjunctions Though he is poor, but he is very diligent. Is a lemon sweet but sour? CHAPTER III METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION This chapter contains the method of the study. It consists of methodological approach, source of data, data collection, and data analysis. In conducting this research, the writer uses quantative method. He uses quantative because the data will be in numerical form such as statistics, and percentages. He analyzes sentences, and then he describes and explores the errors and put them in the table in form of percentage. 3.1 Material The sources of data for this study are the students assignments of translation course in the Faculty of Letters Soegijapranata Catholic University. The writer only investigates twenty five assignments to limit the number of data. 3.2 Procedure The writer collects students assignments and randomizes the twenty five of students assignments then analyse the mistakes happen the most. The mistakes can be found in the students assignments, identifying red stripe left by the lecturer. In doing this research, the writer used three steps. In the first place, in order to understand the meaning of the sentences, the writer reads the Indonesian sentences as a whole. After that, he reads the sentence by sentence and compared those sentences with the corresponding English sentences slowly and carefully. Furthermore, he focuses on the errors. He underlines the Indonesian part and the corresponding English error in bold type. There are some steps in the analysis. Firstly, the writer reads the Indonesian and the English sentence by sentence to know whether the content is already the same or not. If he finds out the content errors, he classified it based on the type of content error following Newmark (1988) and Barnett Stubbs classifications (1980). Table 1: Content error No. sentence Indonesian text English text Category Correction After he finishes identifying the content error, he identifies the grammatical error and classifies it into the type of grammatical error following Richards categories (1974). Table 2: Grammatical error No. sentence Indonesian text English text Category Correction For the last part, he deals with the dominant translation error which occurred in the translation class. He makes three tables, they are consists of content error, grammatical error, and types of content and grammatical error and their frequencies.

Cervical Cancer Essay -- HPV Cancer, Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer malignant cancer of the cervix uteris or cervical area. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages, which has made cervical cancer the focus of intense screening efforts using the Pap smear. About 2.2 percent of women carry one of the 2 virus strains most likely to lead to cervical cancer. One of the symptoms of Cervical Cancer is very Unusual amount of discharge. Treatment consists of surgery in early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease. An effective HPV vaccine against the two most common cancer-causing strains of HPV has recently been licensed in the U.S. These two HPV strains together are responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers. Experts recommend that women combine the benefits of both programs by seeking regular Pap smear screening, even after vaccination. Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer may include: loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, pelvic pain, back pain, leg pain, single swollen leg, heavy bleeding from the vagina, leaking of urine or feces from the vagina, and bone fractures. Cervical cancer happens when cells in the cervix begin to grow out of control and can then invade nearby tissues or spread throughout the body. Large collections of this out of control tissue are called tumors. However, some tumors are not really cancer because they cannot spread or threaten someone's life. These are called benign tumors. The tumors that can spread throughout the body or invade nearby tissues are considered cancer and are called malignant tumors. Usually, cervix cancer is very slow growing although in certain circumstances it can grow... ...sease (STD) is the main cause of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer resembles various nonmalignant venereal diseases in that it is associated with promiscuity. In to that?s addition, there was also another possible risk factor, Evita's mother died of cervical cancer at the age 77. Cervical dysplasia is a also condition characterized by the presence of abnormal cells in the cervix, indicating either precancerous or cancerous cells. The condition is classified as low-grade or high-grade, depending on the extent of the abnormal cell growth. Low-grade cervical dysplasia progresses very slowly and typically resolves on its own. High-grade cervical dysplasia, however, tends to progress quickly and usually leads to cervical cancer. An estimated 66% of cervical dysplasia cases are estimated to progress to cancer within 10 years.

Television is Mindless Entertainment :: essays research papers

Televisions are probably one of the world’s greatest inventions. Nine out o f ten people won’t know how to explain how it actually works, but everyone who can afford one owns one. There is a lot of debate about whether TVs are good or bad. â€Å"A television is a device you can sit in front of and watch other people do things that you could be doing if you weren’t sitting there watching them do it.† - Unknown Yes, TVs provide mass education to people, for example, in Australia, people get their schooling via TVs if they live in remote areas. Everyday the teacher does lessons across the TV, and if the ‘pupils’ have any questions they phone in and ask on air. In South Africa we have ‘School TV’, but it isn’t a proper schooling, like Aussie’s. Sabc also offer the Math, English and Science lessons for matrics, but they are so boring that most people don’t even bother watching it. There are good shows like Dr. Phil and Oprah, where they actually are helping other people and teaching them right from wrong. Shows like these are interesting to watch and they are teaching us morals unlike everything else. Channels such as National Geographic and Discovery Channel also provide education, whether you learn about Hitler or whales, you learn something at least. But these channels are only offered on DSTV which is very expensive and the people that can afford it are the well-educated ones who don’t need it, the people that really need it can’t access it anyway. Another good thing about TV is the ‘News’, with the news on everyday, in lots of languages, everyone can keep up to date with everything that is happening around the globe without having to go to the trouble of actually reading it in a newspaper. As everything has its pros, it must have its cons. One of the main topics that people speak about is the fact that the programs are promoting immorality and it is eroding true Christian values. In every ‘soapie’ and lots of other shows, there are the people that are having affairs, pre-marital sex, taking alcohol, drugs, using bad language†¦the list goes on, but people think it’s funny and cool and do it all themselves. People believe what they see, and think it’s alright if they are also doing it because it makes them ‘cool’. In one incident on Dr Phil, there was a woman who was married to a great guy and they had three children, but she wanted to get divorced so that she could move in with a gay friend of hers, he didn’t love her and obviously never would, but she kept insisting, so finally he went to Dr Phil for help.

Children and Young people Essay

Traditionally the legal the legal age of adulthood was 21 but in the past 20-30 years most jurisdictions have lowered this age to 18. Article 1 of the Convention on the rights of the child (CROC) states that anyone under the age of 18 is child. Also the Children and young person’s (care and protection) Act 1998 (NSW) defines a ‘young person as someone aged between 16-18. These definitions are important because laws treat children and young people differently to adults. Before the late 19th century children committing criminal acts were treated in the same way as adult offenders. The concept of an age before which a person could not be held criminally responsible -doli incapax – did not exist, and children as young as seven were convicted of serious criminal offences. There were two significant events in the 1980s that advanced the rights of children and young people internationally and in common law countries. The two events were the signature of the United Nations Convention on the rights of child (CROC) and the Gillick case. The Convention on the rights of the child (1989) sets out a comprehensive set of rights for all children and young people. These rights cover civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. The Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Health Authority (1985) was a House of Lords decision. The department of health and Social Security has distributed a flyer advising doctors that they could lawfully provide contraception and advice to persons under 16 years old without parents’ consent. The mother of 5 daughters brought and action against the health authority and the DHSS based on her belief that a child under 16 was too young to make such decision without parental consent. The court of appeal allowed Mrs Gillick’s appeal and took the matter to the House of Lords with affirmed the appeal on the basis that 16 years old was capable of consent in medical matters provided that she has sufficient understanding and intelligence to understand fully what is proposed. In other worlds children have the rights and ability to make decisions to affect their lives and they can do so competently as long as they understand the implications of their decisions Children’s have the right to education and is compulsory for children aged 6-15 to attend school under the Education Act 1990(NSW) Under section 22 of this Act, parents must send their children to a government or non-government School registered with the NSW board of studies. There is no minimum legal age limit for young workers according to the office of industrial relations in NSW however if they are under 15 they must receive authorisation from the NSW Department of Education and Training to leave school. Young people in workplace are covered by all the relevant workplace and safety legislation for workers in NSW. The High Court of Australia followed the decision in the Gillick case and stated that once a person has sufficient maturity and intelligence to understand what is proposed she or he is capable of consenting to medical treatment. Parents have the responsibility to seek proper medical cared for their children even if they have religious objections. The children and Young Persons (Care and protection) Act 1998 (NSW) section 174 authorise a medical Practitioner to carry out emergency treatment on a child or young persons without parental consents. Young people do not have the right to leave their parents’ home before 18 however the law would not normally force young people over 16 to stay at home against their wishes. Children and young people are protected from discrimination on the basis of age by the Anti- Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW). This act also outlaws discrimination on the basis of sex, race, and sexuality. The Convention of the rights of the child (CROC) is a legal mechanism which has been important in putting the rights of children on the global agenda. Once a nation has signed and ratified a treaty the United Nations committee structure monitors and reports on the extent to which hat nation is complying with its international obligation, the committee’s limitation is that it has no coercive powers. Another legal mechanism is the children’s court. Across NSW there are 13 children’s magistrates siting in seven specialists children’s court there also five children’s registrar appointed under the children’s court Act 1998(NSW) to assist in administration of matters before the court. Trade unions are organisations of workers who act together to maintain their rights to good working condition. The Australian council of trade unions (ACTU) provides information about pay and conditions, health and safety issues, apprentice- ships and training and negotiating employment contracts for young people entering the workforce for the first time. Trade unions are a Non-Legal mechanism for protecting rights of children and young people. The kids Helpline are just one of the many organisations from which children and young people in crisis can seek advice. It is a non-legal mechanism just like trade unions. It offers 24hr free telephone and online counselling. If children and young people come into contact with the criminal justice system, it usually through interaction with a police officer when being arrested or questions about some matter. Seventy eight per cent of the 843 children and young people surveyed said that the police rarely treated young people with sufficient respect. It could be argued that children and young people l on the whole do not have good relationship with the police. Young people are frequently targeted for police intervention for lacking respect or simply for being young and out in the public. Children around the world are exploited and abused where the laws of their countries fail to offer protections to them. There are approximately 250 million child labourers worldwide. In 2007 it was estimated there were as many as 300 000 children and young people involved in armed conflict with up to 100000 of these believed to be in Africa. In countries ravaged by war and famine children lack the protection normally afforded to them within the family. Very recently in Australia children sat in immigration detention centres having broken no laws, as a result of the previous federal governments’ punitive laws relating to asylum seekers. In other countries minors are still being executed for the crimes they have committed The rights on children have come a long way. Australian legislation has established processes and institutions to recognise and protect the important role that children and young people play in out in our society. There is still cause for great concern about the exploitation and abuse of children internationally. The force of international law relies on the domestic measures taken to implement the rights contained in treaties such CROC and the pressure brought to bear by parties not only by treaty based human right committees.

Wii Case

Problem Statement gross sales of the Nintendo Wii have been much full(prenominal)er than ab initio forecast. As the 2007 holiday season approaches, Nintendo does not have enough capacity to fill up demand. The paucity will negatively stupor profit and potentially cause at sea foodstuff share. The immediate issue is adjusting the selling strategy to handle the result short age and minimize the negative foodstuff effect. federal agency Analysis BACKGROUND Nintendo was initially founded in 1889 as a card company. The club moved into the electronic entertainment patience in late 1970.Nintendo went on to drum out its own menage console in the 1980s which was an instant success, subsequently predominate the video games market in home video games consoles and handheld consoles. In impudently-fashioned years, Nintendo has met fierce competition from Sony and Microsoft. This competition resulted in Nintendos market share dropping from 80% in 1992 to a unhopeful of 16% in 2003. Nintendo realized that markets, competition, and overlap life cycles were changing at a fast pace, and most of the profits were loss to the innovators.In order to win covert market share, Nintendo has developed an innovative new game console named the Wii. OBJECTIVE The current objective for Nintendo is to effectively develop a marketing strategy to manage point of intersection sales through the 2007 holiday season. The considerable term objective for Nintendo is to maintain its market leader status, communicate customers needs in an effective dash and fulfill customers expectations. S. W. O. T. abstract Strengths Offer differentiated products from its competitors In 2006, Nintendo won more awards than other company, including Best of exhibit award, and Best Hardware award more(prenominal) competitively priced ($249) than its competitors while still earning a profit ($50) as the Wii console is chintzy to produce Brand name wisdom (short, simple, easy to read and re member, world-widely understood, and revelatory of product benefitsii images gathering masses to play) Strong support from game evelopers to pouch more resources to the development of Wii title unending media coverage from newspaper headlines drew trouble to the Wii console Weaknesses Nintendo lost signifi natest market share after it r severallyed its peak of success Inability to keep up supplies with international market demand Does not digest extreme high definition and videodisc/Blue-ray capability Negative media-individuals had injuries due to the controllers move out of users hands Opportunities A upstart movement in society towards better lifestyles. Wii meets the demand by incorporating physical movements when play the game There are scarcely two competitors which directly compete against each other with graphics, leaving room for Nintendo uses a different selling feature capableness market for video game consoles for non-traditional age groups (casual gamers an d non-gamers) over age of 35 Threats Consumers aptitude turn to competitors product to satisfy their wants due to the Wii shortage riddle Sony and Microsoft may offer more cute deals to fight back for market shares interchange is a significant threat and can occur within the existing competitors. shutdown Nintendo offers an innovative product that offers good abide by to consumers. The threats from competitive brands are high. However, Nintendo is offering a unique product which is in high consumer demand.

Analytical essay

According to the bind, Leaders the States and numbfishs, it Is lucid that gun reassure has masterven Ineffective when It comes to disintegration the hunch over affair that exists between Ameri give the axes and their guns (Leaders the States and Guns). This expression highlights the Issues that permeate throughout the States regarding pro gun groups. Not lonesome(prenominal) Is this obligate persuasive, it Inf white plagues a degree of rhetorical strategies including dianoetic, as well as emotional appeals to fortify the issue at hand.Various examples, statistics, and labored evidence is brought to the table, adequately arguing ND develop the position that, Americans want to keep their guns, no subject field how high the price, (Leaders America and Guns). Furthermore, the other article, subscribe for Gun reign over Legislation, falls short in corroborateing its argument and is not as convincing, in comparison to Leaders America and Guns. These articles use an get d own of rhetorical strategies to convey their arguments, however some strategies sample more successful or useful than others. standard or defining appears in both articles.These rhetorical strategies seem necessary and possibly essential monuments In each article. They serve to properly support and forteen the statements of each origin. Another rhetorical dodge that Is vainglorious throughout both articles Is the equivalence and contrasting method. TLS strategy allows the proof indorser to introduce the pros and cons concerning their argument while persuading the reader to take a stance or a step in the right direction. Once the comparing and contrasting drop been presented and thoroughly examined, the causation can then persuade the reader based on said favorable findings.Apart from these rhetorical strategies, classifying and dividing appear in both articles withal. This type of strategy divides difficult or overwhelming topics in smaller comprehensible units. Readjusti ng a broad topic into smaller subsections lets the writer enlighten control of the argument and allows the reader to comfortably collapse the material (Rhetorical Strategies). This Is particularly true on a subject like gun control In America, a topic In despairing need of dissecting since there is so much muniment and discourse to address.The first article, Leaders America and Guns, uses these rhetorical strategies most effectively, as oppose to the article, nutriment for Gun Control Legislation. The first article appeals to the reader on an emotional level, as well as on a logical level. The author starts off with The love affair goes on, whatever the price. The funerals are over, (Leaders America and Guns). This is a powerful and convincing statement because it gets the reader emotionally involved. It conjures up thoughts of death, guns, and their relation to one another. Followed by this emotionally charged tenement, is a series of examples.This bodily structure holds tru e to the rhetorical strategy of warning. Mentioned are descriptions of vernal boys as murders and shameful Incidents such as smoke shootings and school massacres. These examples are so effective because they strain the Idea that Americans are still obsessed with guns heedless of all the harm they can cause. Moreover, the author similarly gets the reader convinced on a logical level by presenting rather startling tho true evidence, like the anti-control slogan, guns dont kill people, people kill cause at face value, it is true.With all these historical as yetts and facts, this article becomes very credible and the author builds a very strong argument. The author also uses the rhetorical strategy of compare and contrast to further fortify the idea that Americans are reluctant to give up their guns. The article mentions the stark contrasts in regards to deaths by handguns in America versus the world. Although the difference in numbers crosswise the board is shocking, the au thor follows these statements by, most Americans remain unimpressed by such imprisons, (Leaders America and Guns). This article is incredibly persuasive and convincing.Such statements leave the reader in disbelief that Americans still want to keep their guns, no matter how high the price, (Leaders America and Guns). From this article, even though the author introduces both sides of the story, one could usurp that gun control may not profit popularity in America. After reading the first article, the twinkling article becomes less convincing. Support for Gun Control Legislation, lacks emotion and depth. The article sets itself up for disaster, cause although it tries to focal point how gun legislation is on the brink of undergoing tighter regulations, it fails miserably.The author places too much emphasis on the interior(a) Rifle Association (NEAR). The rhetorical strategy of exemplification is present, but glorifies the NEAR, mentioning how powerful and how successful the anti- gun control foyer has been, in helping to block any important gun control legislation in Congress,(Support for Gun Control Legislation). This example, followed by facts, is perhaps not the best one for this discussion because it reinforces the strength of the association in America and weakens the argument for erupt or more effective regulations.However, the article does include examples of small victories nationwide concerning tougher gun restrictions, but these statements would have been more effective if they were mentioned earlier. These successes lose their credibility as they are undermined when compared and contrasted to the NEAR. The author is very disorganized his attempts at using classifying and dividing to strengthen his argument do not help him to properly compose his thoughts. The author Jumps from he NEAR, to a series of events, to politicians and lastly lawsuits.This overwhelms the reader because the period of time is too Jumbled, for this reason this article be comes ineffective and too complicated to properly make sense of. Lastly, the article that gave me the best answer was Leaders America and Guns. This article was emotionally charged and logically composed. The author include numerous rhetorical strategies to reinforce his rather shocking stance that Americans love their guns and that those guns are here to stay. The authors use of visual descriptions, incidents, and statistics were all appropriate examples used to generate and display the ideas effectively.The composition of the article flows really well, a lot of information is presented but also condensed, mentioning only what is vital to the argument. The author is direct and to the point and the author does not deviate from the main argument, constantly plan of attack back and endorsing his/her opinion. The author mentions, many Americans have already come to the remarkable conclusion that the best thoroughfare to a safer America is a better-armed America, (Leaders America an d Guns). The author is constantly on point with his/her information.